13,593 research outputs found
China's Exports and Employment
Dooley et al (2003, 2004a,b,c) argue that China seeks to raise urban employment by 10-12 million persons per year, with about 30% of that coming from export growth. In fact, total employment increased by 7.5-8 million per year over 1997-2005. We estimate that export growth over 1997-2002 contributed at most 2.5 million jobs per year, with most of the employment gains coming from non-traded goods like construction. Exports grew much faster over the 2000-2005 period, which could in principal explain the entire increase in employment. However, the growth in domestic demand led to three-times more employment gains than did exports over 2000-2005, while productivity growth subtracted the same amount again from employment. We conclude that exports have become increasingly important in stimulating employment in China, but that the same gains could be obtained from growth in domestic demand, especially for tradable goods, which has been stagnant until at least 2002.
Contractual Versus Non-Contractual Trade: The Role of Institutions in China
Recent research has demonstrated the importance of institutional quality at the country level for both the volume of trade and the ability to trade in differentiated goods that rely on contract enforcement. This paper takes advantage of cross-provincial variation in institutional quality in China, and export data that distinguishes between foreign and domestic exporters and processing versus ordinary trade, to show that institutional quality is a significant factor in determining Chinese provincial export patterns. Institutions matter more for processing trade, and more for foreign firms, just as we would expect from a greater reliance on contracts in these cases.
Gait Verification using Knee Acceleration Signals
A novel gait recognition method for biometric applications is proposed. The approach has the following distinct features. First, gait patterns are determined via knee acceleration signals, circumventing difficulties associated with conventional vision-based gait recognition methods. Second, an automatic procedure to extract gait features from acceleration signals is developed that employs a multiple-template classification method. Consequently, the proposed approach can adjust the sensitivity and specificity of the gait recognition system with great flexibility. Experimental results from 35 subjects demonstrate the potential of the approach for successful recognition. By setting sensitivity to be 0.95 and 0.90, the resulting specificity ranges from 1 to 0.783 and 1.00 to 0.945, respectively
Flavour symmetry breaking in the kaon parton distribution amplitude
We compute the kaon's valence-quark (twist-two parton) distribution amplitude
(PDA) by projecting its Poincare'-covariant Bethe-Salpeter wave-function onto
the light-front. At a scale \zeta=2GeV, the PDA is a broad, concave and
asymmetric function, whose peak is shifted 12-16% away from its position in
QCD's conformal limit. These features are a clear expression of
SU(3)-flavour-symmetry breaking. They show that the heavier quark in the kaon
carries more of the bound-state's momentum than the lighter quark and also that
emergent phenomena in QCD modulate the magnitude of flavour-symmetry breaking:
it is markedly smaller than one might expect based on the difference between
light-quark current masses. Our results add to a body of evidence which
indicates that at any energy scale accessible with existing or foreseeable
facilities, a reliable guide to the interpretation of experiment requires the
use of such nonperturbatively broadened PDAs in leading-order, leading-twist
formulae for hard exclusive processes instead of the asymptotic PDA associated
with QCD's conformal limit. We illustrate this via the ratio of kaon and pion
electromagnetic form factors: using our nonperturbative PDAs in the appropriate
formulae, at spacelike-, which compares
satisfactorily with the value of inferred in annihilation
at .Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 3 table
Phases of the infinite U Hubbard model
We apply the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) to study the phase
diagram of the infinite U Hubbard model on 2-, 4-, and 6-leg ladders. Where the
results are largely insensitive to the ladder width, we consider the results
representative of the 2D square lattice model. We find a fully polarized
ferromagnetic Fermi liquid phase when n, the density of electrons per site, is
in the range 1>n>n_F ~ 4/5. For n=3/4 we find an unexpected commensurate
insulating "checkerboard" phase with coexisting bond density order with 4 sites
per unit cell and block spin antiferromagnetic order with 8 sites per unit
cell. For 3/4 > n, the wider ladders have unpolarized groundstates, which is
suggestive that the same is true in 2D
Divergence and Shannon information in genomes
Shannon information (SI) and its special case, divergence, are defined for a
DNA sequence in terms of probabilities of chemical words in the sequence and
are computed for a set of complete genomes highly diverse in length and
composition. We find the following: SI (but not divergence) is inversely
proportional to sequence length for a random sequence but is length-independent
for genomes; the genomic SI is always greater and, for shorter words and longer
sequences, hundreds to thousands times greater than the SI in a random sequence
whose length and composition match those of the genome; genomic SIs appear to
have word-length dependent universal values. The universality is inferred to be
an evolution footprint of a universal mode for genome growth.Comment: 4 pages, 3 tables, 2 figure
Direction finding during mouse renal development
The adult kidney consists of hundreds of thousands of fine epithelial tubules as functional
units called nephrons. Nephrons have U-shaped tubules: loops of Henle that descend from
the cortex to the medulla. This radial arrangement is critical to maintain water homeostasis in
the kidney. Although Henle’s loops are crucial to renal physiology, the cue(s) they uses to
navigate to the medulla are not understood. In this thesis, I investigate how the loop of Henle
elongates during mouse renal development and show that it is probably guided to the
medulla by diffusible, heparin-binding molecules.
I used immumohistochemistry (IHC) on cryosections of embryonic kidneys to study the
natural anatomy of the Henle’s loop. I used a low-volume culture system to allow embryonic
kidneys (both natural and tissue-engineered) to form loops of Henle ex vivo and manipulated
their direction of growth. Time-lapse imaging of Lgr-5 EGFP embryonic kidneys
demonstrated the movement of the apex of the loop which suggested the idea of guidance
cue(s) acting on the loop of Henle. Cut-and-paste experiments showed that loops appeared to
be attracted to maturing collecting duct. Co-culture with an exogenous tubule inducer
suggested the embryonic spinal cord as another source to attract the loops. Using raTAL (rat
thick ascending loop of Henle) and 6TA2 (embryonic collecting duct cells) cell lines, I
designed and performed a cell migration assay to test whether raTAL was attracted to 6TA2
cells. raTAL cells were notably attracted to 6TA2 cells compared to other cell lines. raTAL
cells were also attracted to 6TA2-conditioned medium, which indicated that raTAL cells
were attracted by secreted molecule(s). To begin to characterise those secreted molecule(s),
heparin-binding protein-coated beads were used in the cell migration system and showed that
at least one critical guidance factor is heparin-binding.
From this study, I found that the apex of the Henle’s loop does move and loops are attracted
by secreted molecule(s) possibly from the collecting duct. Although target molecule(s) were
unidentified, this study provides the first mechanistic information about the guidance of the
loop of Henle. Moreover, this was the first study of guidance of epithelial tubule shafts
(rather than tips) adding to our understanding of general tubule morphogenesis
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